US Position Paper

Alexa Gaul

So if anyone wanted to see my paper here it is. If you do not have this much detail in your paper you should make sure that you research to this extent on your own time. It will help you a lot in the simulation.

US Block

John F Kennedy

Position Paper

1) My role is John F Kennedy and he was president of the United States from 1961-1963. Being President, Kennedy has a wide range of tasks. These include negotiating with foreign nations, signing treaties, passing or vetoing bills by congress, surveying over the decisions of the other members of the executive branch, and generally dealing with foreign and domestic issues. Some of Kennedy’s accomplishments include dealing with the Cuban Missile Crisis, negotiating and signing the Nuclear Testing Ban treaty, creating the Peace Corps, encouraging the US to advance in the space race, and proposing the Civil Rights bill.

2) During the Kennedy administration relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were not good. There was a power struggle between the two nations as both tried to demonstrate their superiority over the other. There were many events reflecting this struggle and the tension between the two nations including the Bay of Pigs invasion in which the US tried end communism in Cuba, the building of the Berlin wall in 1961 separating Germany into a western capitalist Germany and an eastern communist Germany, the Space race in which the Soviet Union launched a man into space and then the US did the same less than a month later, the Cuban Missile Crisis in which the Soviet Union built missile bases in Cuba that could fire missiles at the US, the reactivation of nuclear testing by both nations (however, this was stopped in 1963 when both nations signed the Nuclear Testing Ban treaty), the military buildup in both nations, and the sending of US troops to South Vietnam to destroy the spread of communism in Vietnam.

3) The Bay of Pigs invasion was the United State’s attempt in 1961 to rid of communism in Cuba The CIA had planned to train Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro during Eishenhower’s presidency; however, they did not follow through until Kennedy’s presidency. During the invasion a bunch of things went wrong and it was completely unsuccessful. Not only did Castro and communism remain, but the US now suffered an embarrassing defeat. Krushchev viewed this failure as a sign of Kennedy’s weakness and inexperience. This changed view is probably what lead to Krushchev’s greater aggression and assertiveness, an example being the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the simulation the same type of reaction would probably result. After the Bay of Pigs failure Krushchev would probably become braver, take more risks, and act more aggressively towards to United States. These actions could consists of putting missiles in places that can directly hit the United States, taking over places that the USSR would not have dared put troops before, test more weaponry, compromise less with the United States and threaten more, and other more aggressive actions.

4) The Cuban Missile Crisis was a thirteen day event that took place in 1962 when the United States discovered Soviet Missiles stationed in Cuba. The USSR had secretly been building up offensive military bases in Cuba, but lied and said they were completely for defensive purposes. However, a spy plane from the United States discovered missiles, and so once the US learned this fact it took action and publicly informed its citizens. Kennedy blockaded Cuba and told Krushchev to remove the missiles. After thiretten days of negotiations Krushchev agreed, and Kennedy gained respect from his people and from the USSR who now saw him as a somewhat formidable opponent.

5) There were many other world events besides just those relating to the USSR. Africa and Asia was at the end of decolonization, so many new government were building up in these areas in the early 1960s as well as conflicts. One example is South Africa: a nation who declared themselves a republic in 1961 and implemented apartheid (segregation). China was having its own communist revolution during and before the sixties as Mao attempted to implement his Great Leap Forward plan to strengthen China’s economy and power. Also, at this time US and China relations were not so great because of the Korean war in the 1950s. In the Middle East, Iraq was having some internal issues such as the Iraqi Kurd rebellion where the Kurds rebelled against Oasim’s government in Iraq. Also, there was tension between Iraq and Kuwait during this period.

6) The public really liked Kennedy. He was a popular man even before he became president. He was a very well spoken man, and so he gave off a very friendly vibe to the citizens of his country. The citizens respected him and looked up to him. However, his views on racism were more progressive than some, so some did oppose his anti- racist views. Overall though, the people really like Kennedy, and this was especially evident after his death as so many people grieved and idolized their deceased president.

7) The Civil Rights movement had been going for at least a decade before kennedy’s presidency. However, in the early 1960s the Civil Rights movement was still in full swing and stronger than ever. Even though segregation was banned in the 1950s, some schools in the South had not obeyed the news laws. Also, there was still segregation on buses, in movie theaters, at water fountains, at restaurants, and at other public places. There were riots, violence, and public protests. Martin Luther King was a major non-violent protest leader in Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s writing his “Letter from Birmingham Jail”, leading the March on Washington, and giving his “ I Have a Dream Speech.” There were also other civil rights leaders during this time with more violent approaches such as Malcom X. The Kennedy administration addressed Civil Rights by generally supporting it, but not supporting the public protest because Kennedy thought it would anger people too much. Also, Kennedy proposed the Civil Rights bill; however, it was not passed until after his death.

8) The early 1960s was a period of change, and not regarding racism. The sexual revolution was beginning the early 1960s. In 1960, the FDA approved the birth control pill, allowing women to have sex without worrying about pregnancy. The using of the pill caused controversy on whether women should be using it, and it also helped begin the sexual revolution by allowing sex without consequences. At the same time new psychedelic drugs were being introduced and drug use was spreading among the US population, especially with college age students. Also, there were gay rights protests and speeches, and new types of feminism with some women advocating sex all the time and others not at all.

Works Consulted

http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/JohnFKennedy/

http://www.whitehouse.gov/our_government/executive_branch/

http://www.coldwar.org/articles/60s/index.asp

http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/JFK+in+History/The+Cold+War+Page+2.htm

http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/JFK+in+History/JFK+and+the+Bay+of+Pigs.htm

http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/JFK+in+History/Cuban+Missile+Crisis.htm

http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/JFK+in+History/Nuclear+Test+Ban+Treaty.htm

http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Biographies+and+Profiles/Biographies/John+F.+Kennedy+The+35th+President+of+the+United+States+Page+5.htm

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/98782.htm

http://www.info.gov.za/aboutsa/history.htm#Apartheid

https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article03.html

http://www.usconstitution.net/dream.html

http://www-scf.usc.edu/~nicoleg/history.htm

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/timeline/timeline2.html

http://discoverer.sirs.com

Paper/Resolutions from JEREMY HART - USSR Representative in Security Council

Here are Jeremy Hart's position paper and draft resolutions:
He is the USSR representative in the Security Council.
The Soviet Union had a lot of internal and international conflicts to discern prior to and throughout the 1950’s. Their social, political, and economic structure was perceived to be threatened and many choices made by the Communist part of the Soviet Union were influenced by this view. The Soviets were afraid that a third world war would destroy their country. They saw the devastation that World War I caused on the Romanov family and caused the eventually change in government. World War II showed the communist party in the Soviet Union the distrust in Western Countries. Stalin was double crossed by Adolf Hitler despite the Molotov-Ribbentrop Agreement, which had stated 10 years of peace but had lasted mere months, and the philosophical differences between their own allies, particularly the United States. The Soviets desired to create buffer states to make sure that their country would not be exposed to any wars that may ensue. They decided that using the countries that they defeated in World War II as these buffer states seemed like a logical idea. This idea though put the Soviet Union in direct conflict with the United States, who feared the spread communism and its political system. The difference between ideals in the Soviet Union and the rest of the world truly resonated in the United States’ minds and began the Cold War. There were many factors beyond the buffer states that caused tensions between the Soviet Union and the world throughout the 1950’s.
The first and possibly most significant changed that the Soviet went through, one that altered the Soviet Union more than any prior treaty or conflict did and in the future would, was the death of Joseph Stalin on March 5, 1953. Quietly many of the Communist party were happy for two reasons. The first was that many in the party feared Stalin because of his irrational anger and the second was the party was now able to go in a different direction. This change began when Nikita Khrushchev[1] became Premier. Surprisingly Khrushchev was outspoken against Stalin and criticized many of the former Premiers’ decisions. He led the De-Stalinization process in the Communist Party. The De-Stalinization process tried to get rid of Stalin’s cult of personality and the strict over-the-top Stalinist communism in the Soviet Union. In doing so Khrushchev began a change in the Soviet Union.
Once Khrushchev became the leading political figure after Stalin’s death, he changed many aspects of social structure within the Soviet Union. Almost immediately after Khrushchev became Premier, he implemented his De-Stalinization process. Internationally Khrushchev got rid of much censorship, opened up the Soviet Union public to foreign influences, and even in some views freedom to the Soviet people. The internal changes that were implemented caused more critics to question his ideas. He liberated many peasants and even ordered them to receive passports and identification; such steps would have been unthinkable in the Stalinist Soviet Union. [2] Although the Soviet Union’s social structure was relatively complex, it still held many principles of class systems. Communism believes in all people being equal and the state owning everything. This system of life did not leave much room for different class systems, but in the Soviet Union there were different social levels. There was still a higher up group, which received more of the benefits of education, whereas the farmers’ children were never exposed to the same benefits. Under Khrushchev the youth development programs were increased and monitored closer in hopes of increasing the Soviet Union’s standing in world events. Although the changed that Khrushchev implemented for this ‘class system’ were minute on a large scale, in everyday life for the Soviet Union’s people the changes were just enough to help them. All throughout the 1950’s Khrushchev received support within his country for the changes he made.
On the world stage the Soviet Union made a commotion for their international decisions. On the topic of nuclear testing and nuclear proliferation, the Soviets played a very large part. On August 29, 1949, the Soviets entered a club that previously the United States was alone in, the nuclear bomb club. The Soviets now possessed the nuclear bomb and this changed the world. Although the Soviets said that they were against nuclear war, they still bolstered their arsenal for fear of threats. The main objective of the Soviets was to protect their country from another was and they saw nuclear technology as a grantee of that. For this reason the Soviet Union was opposed to nuclear proliferation, unless it was for their personal gain. The Soviets did not want other countries to possess weapons for fear that too many countries opposed to the Soviets would group together, but the Soviets were comfortable with the idea of having their allies hold nuclear weapons as long as they were controllable. With this logic in hand, Khrushchev believed that nuclear weapons should stay in the hands of very few. Khrushchev, along with the rest of the world, realized that if a true nuclear war broke out the world would be devastated.
Aside from the nuclear issues that the Soviet Union had to cope with during this time, they also needed to find a counter to the alliances by the Western countries. On April 4, 1949, the United States, France, Great Britain, Canada and eight other western European countries joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which helped give security to the countries involved by agreeing that if one country was attacked it was an attack on all of them. This treaty scared the Soviets because they now had a large opposition united together. In a direct counteract to NATO, the Russians created the Warsaw Pact in 1955, which allied eight Eastern communist countries together. The countries included were Albania, Bulgaria, the Czechoslovak Republic, Eastern Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union[3]. This pact allowed Russia to control the combined armed forces of these countries if an armed aggression broke out between any of these countries. The Soviet Union also allied itself, much to the dismay of the United States, with the Fidel Castro led Cubans[4]. This alliance, above the others, would lead the two world super powers into direct conflict in the very near future.
Throughout the 1950’s Communism still dominated the Soviet Union’s economy. The system of communism creates a society in which theoretically all people are equal and thus the economy is all for the state. People get what they need to survive, but no more. Internally people worked for the Soviet Union and what that created, grew, or built was for the Soviet Union. In Khrushchev’s De-Stalinization process he abolished labor camps and allowed millions to go free. The Soviet Union’s economy was generally not affected by world-wide influences. Due to Russia’s extremely large landmass, natural resources were very easy to come by. In the 1950’s, the Soviet Union’s landmass covered about one-eighth of the world’s land surface. Along with the amount of people living in Soviet Union making goods for trade was also easy. Because of the large labor force, both forced (when Stalin was alive) and free (after Stalin’s death), creating tradable goods was easy for the Soviet Union. They controlled much of the Slavic countries in Eastern Europe and had trading partners with many southern bordering Asian countries. Economically throughout the post World War II era, the Soviet Union was economically stable.
Prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis and throughout the 1950’s, the Soviet Union was very enigmatic because of the constant modification in both their own and world decisions. The Soviet Union had to deal with defending themselves against a perceived threat by the Western world, deal with the change of leadership from Stalin to Khrushchev, and the new governmental changes within the communist party by Khrushchev. After the 1950’s and past the Soviet Union will face many challenges from the world and their decision making will help the world progress.
[1] Pubantz, Jerry, and John Allphin Moore Jr. "Khrushchev, Nikita." Encyclopedia of the United Nations, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=EUNN0249&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 14, 2009).
[2] O'Brien, Patrick K., gen. ed. "Soviet Union (USSR)." Encyclopedia of World History. Copyright George Philip Limited. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2000. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=ewh05425&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 14, 2009).
[3] Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod. "cold war." Encyclopedia of Wars, vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=EWAR0423&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 14, 2009).
[4] Becker, D. J. "Cuban missile crisis." In Pubantz, Jerry, and John Allphin Moore Jr. Encyclopedia of the United Nations, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=EUNN0100&SingleRecord=True (accessed December 14, 2009).

Draft Resolutions:
The Loophole in Berlin
- Issues:
o The exodus of East German people into West Germany.
§ 3.5 Million people left
o “Brain drain”- Higher educated people left for political reasons
o The lack of boarder protection between East and West Germany
o From the Soviet Union perspective: Finding a way to stop the exodus and find a beneficial compensation for the Soviet Union
- Resolution:
o Record every person who leaves East Germany should be recorded and marked
o Because of the “brain drain” have each East Germany who leaves send back a part of their income to the Soviet Union
§ Also offer extra incentives for well-qualified teachers to come to West Germany and teach
o Create a check post between East and West Germany to mark who goes through
o Yearly quota for how many East Germans are allowed to leave


Due to the direct conflict that the issue of the Loophole in Berlin has on the Soviet Union government, the Soviet Union bloc offers a resolution. Firstly, the issue of the mass exodus of East German citizens leaving to West Germany is causing a ripple effect among East Germany. The Soviet Union has observed that there is a great loss of high educated citizens in East Germany and is causing an immense drop in highly-trained professionals and in education. The Soviet Union offers the idea to record the people leaving East Germany, creating a ‘checkpoint’ in Berlin, and have a yearly quota of how many East Germans are allowed to leave. This checkpoint would consist of a crossing tax and papers that would fill out objects for leaving East Germany. The Soviet Union hopes to implement a policy that if a person desires to live in another country, they must send their next residence and a part of their yearly income to the East German government. This will allow people to be kept track of and allow the East German government funding to allow citizens who are still living in East Germany the opportunity to continue their educational tracks and improve East Germany. The Soviet Union recognizes that his resolution has no impact on other countries and hopes that other countries will help to enforce this resolution.






Cuban Refugee Problem
- Issues:
o The amounts of refugee Cubans being used to overthrow their own government by being sponsored by then United States
o United States trying to get involved in yet another countries government
o 1959- Cuban-Soviet Union diplomatic relations begin
- Resolution:
o Two options:
§ Allow the Cuban refugees to live peacefully in America’s boarders without their strained relationship with Cuba playing a part in their lives
§ Deport the Cuban refugees back to Cuba and let them lead a revolution without support of a much larger country
o Recognize that President Truman’s policy to aid anti-Castro and anti-Communism is deteriorating friendship between the Soviet Union and the United State
o Recognize the growing trend of the United States getting involved in other countries governmental problems

The Soviet Union has seen an increasing trend in the United States interfering with foreign countries internal political affairs. Recently, the Soviet Union has acquired intelligence that the United States’ CIA program is funding, directing, training, and equipping Cuban refugees living in the United States. The United States’ aim is to have these trained Cubans lead an uprising against the Cuban leader Fidel Castro. Due to the Soviet Union and Cuba’s relationship, the Soviet Union believes that this is unfair on behalf of the Cubans. The Soviet Union offers two resolutions that will be just.
The first is to allow the Cuban refugees living in the United State the freedom from their relationship with Cuba. The Soviet Union understands that these people are refugees for a reason and wished to leave their Cuban lives. The Soviet Union believes that the United States should respect that decision. The Soviet Union also infers from the United States actions that they are trying to create an overthrow of the Cuban government. The Soviet Union believes if the United States wishes to do this, they should allow the citizens of Cuba to do so on their own. The Soviet Union suggests that if this course of action is to be pursued by the United States send the refugees back to Cuba without training and allow them to work things out for themselves. The Soviet Union wants to point out this course of action, fighting for themselves without help from another more powerful country, helped the United States, herself, become such a strong country.
Furthermore in a side note, the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, has issued a well-known policy of aiding any country in anti-Castro and anti-Communist forces. The Soviet Union hopes that the United States realizes that impact of this blatant statement and recognizes the negative impact between the relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States due to this statement.

Security Council Info/Samples - Please Read!

Hello Security Council members! Below are my sample position paper and draft resolutions. Please read both over so you better understand what yours should look like. Thanks so much!
Rachel

Position Paper:
Rachel Rickles
Turkey – Security Council President
Westfield High School
Historical Simulation Committee

1. Modern-day Turkey was formed in 1922 after the Turks defeated the Greeks and overthrew the Ottoman sultanate; Turkey was ruled by a dictator until 1938. This dictator, Kemal (who eventually took the surname Ataturk), severely encouraged the Westernizing of society, which led to some changes that lasted through the 1960s (for example: he introduced the Western calendar, granted universal adult suffrage, used the Roman alphabet, and established schooling that raised literacy). Ataturk deeply desired a democratic society, although his dictatorship contradicted these intentions. Turkey remained neutral in WWII until 1945, when an Allied victory was essentially guaranteed; Turkey acted in this manner because it wanted to guarantee that the Allied forces would protect it from falling victim to the Soviet sphere of influence. Furthermore, Turkey felt that an alliance with the West would establish internal peace and assure its independence.
To further Turkey’s political interest, it joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1952, which was a political alliance formed three years prior with the intention of organizing American and European allies against the Soviets. (In 1960, the following countries were allied in NATO: the US, the UK, Canada, France, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Italy, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Greece, and West Germany). By 1960, Turkey had become a reliable NATO ally; Turkey’s strong armed forces allowed it to be a strong NATO threat to the Soviet forces (because it was in close proximity compared to most other NATO allies).
Turkey was also a member of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), which further led Turkey to modernize and Westernize. The OEEC emerged from the US’s Marshall Plan in 1948 (which was intended to help Europe recover from WWII and counter the Soviet communist threat). The OEEC was also developed to promote trade and regulate European the economic structure. Member countries of the OEEC were: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and West Germany. Furthermore, Turkey was a part of the joint UN operation during the War in Korea (1950-1953).
Nationally, elections in May 1950 proved to be a turning point for Turkey – the Democratic Party was voted into power, which set in motion a new process of leadership selection and a broader citizen involvement in government. However, the Democratic Party moved the state back towards religious nationalism: for example, the state radio broadcast religious themes and children were given instruction in Islam, the major religion of Turkey. The success of Turkey’s parliamentary democracy stood in contrast to the harsh governments in many surrounding countries. Also throughout this period, Turkey struggled between a secular nationalism and a religious (Islamic) nationalism.
The Democratic Party reached its peak in 1954, when it won most of the seats in the election. However, economic problems ensued in Turkey and the Democratic Party became increasingly repressive. During this time, the Democratic Party seized Republican Party lands and critics of the Democrats were censured or even executed in the late 1950s. After the debatable vote of 1957, opposition to the Democratic Party became harsher and the Party was accused of reversing the secularism that had been occurring in Turkey.
Menderes, Turkey’s prime minister during the early 1950s, enjoyed a strengthened reputation due to the economic boom. This prosperity was due to positive harvests, rapid expansion and a sharp increase in exports; the latter two as a result of Turkish involvement (and therefore, materials needed) in the Korean War. However, minimal harvests in 1953 and 1954 forced Turkey to import wheat again, which hurt its own economy; inflation also became a serious problem despite government legislation to prevent its advance.
Turkey was a largely agrarian society with approximately eighty percent of its population living in rural areas in 1950. Yet, Turkey did focus on building up its industries and modernizing, which it did slowly but surely. A worsening economy between 1958 and 1960 was somewhat due to a housing crisis because the large towns were growing at an annual rate of ten percent and there was a high demand and a low supply, and therefore not many individuals could afford housing. By 1960, one-third of Turks lived in urban areas.
Before the 1950s, primary qualifications to be in the upper classes in Turkey meant having higher education and serving the country either in the military or the government. However, during the 1950s, socioeconomic changes resulting from new government policies allowed varied opportunities for personal economic development. Furthermore, a wealthy business class emerged. Due to its background in mostly entrepreneurial activities (as opposed to bureaucratic), its views clashed with the ruling elite’s. This nongovernmental elite also emerged in the form of architects, professors, lawyers, engineers and many other professional positions; as a whole, they generally resented the patronizing attitudes of the ruling elite. Clearly, in the economical, political and social aspects, Turkey was in a state of transition during the 1950s with positive and negative points in each area.

2. Turkey clearly supported the Western allies, as evidenced by its NATO alliance and economic involvement with European nations. Turkey’s official alliance with the US began in 1947, when the US designated Turkey as a recipient of US assistance to resist the Soviet threat (Truman Doctrine). Moreover, in 1955, Turkey became involved in the Baghdad Pact, which was sponsored by the US and Britain. The Pact was intended to keep the Soviet borders from expanding further. Member states were Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, and Britain (the Pact was centered in Iraq). The Iraqi leader (the most Western-allied Middle Eastern leader) was politically countered by Egypt’s leader, who convinced several other Middle-Eastern nations not to join the Pact. However, after the Iraqi revolution in 1958, Iraq withdrew its support and the Pact became known as the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).
Turkey joined the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) at its formation in 1957, along with twenty-two other states. The objective of the IAEA was to encourage the use of atomic energy to create peace and prosperity throughout the world, and to ensure that atomic energy was not used for military purposes. However, the IAEA did not have much leverage in the world community.
In October 1959, the Turkish government agreed to host some of the United States’ nuclear weapons, with the US Air Force operating the weapons. The US had stationed weapons in Italy prior to stationing in Turkey (Italy’s government controlled its American nuclear weapons). By agreeing to this, Turkey contributed to the US’s policy of deterrence - a threat to use force in response to a specific behavior. In this case, the US, with Turkey’s assistance, implied that if the Soviet Union attempted to use its missiles (which it had been testing since 1949) toward the US, the US would easily be able to retaliate with its missiles positioned in relatively close proximity to Soviet Union.

3. Turkey has a varied stance on the major human rights issues of the day. First, Turkey’s alliance with NATO meant that it theoretically supported human rights throughout the world. Domestically, beginning with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the military had played a significant role in the country’s progress. Especially leading up and during to the revolution in 1960, the military held back change and stifled the development of civil society (yet, the military was the most trusted institution in Turkey rather than the government). The Kurds, the largest minority in Turkey, were harmed by the Turkish government if they asserted their identity publicly (and they were punished according to Kurdish laws). Although Turkey was a secular society according to her Constitution, certain provisions protected the secular state so much so that they impeded the freedom of religion (for example, Turkey forbid women to wear headscarves at public institutions and captured pro-Islamic journalists).
In December 1959, Cyprus elected Archbishop Makarios to be the first president of the future Cyprus Republic, which came just after Turkey, Britain, and Greece signed a treaty formally ending the EOKA’s terrorist campaign. This came after four years of bitter fighting involving Turks and hundreds of Turks and Greeks were killed during the time. Under the deal, a Greek Cypriot would be president of Cyprus and a Turkish Cypriot would be vice president. Makarios called on Turks and Greeks to set aside differences and cooperate. Turkish leader Dr. Fazil Kutchuk congratulated Makarios on the victory, despite once being an enemy (but soon to be vice president, and an ally). Clearly, Turkey had relatively good intentions on human rights but often took these intentions too far and ended up suppressing rights of its people.

Works Cited
“Britain, NATO and Turkey (1959-1965).” Turkish Weekly. USAK, 2009. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. .
“Deterrence.” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity. 2008. 333-334. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 18 Nov. 2009.
“Jupiter.” GlobalSecurity.org. N.p., 16 Sept. 2008. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. .
Karabell, Zachary. “Baghdad Pact (1955).” Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Ed. Philip Mattar. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillian Reference, USA, 2004. 363. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 Nov. 2009.
Katie, Belliel. “Turkey, 1950-present.” Encyclopedia of World History: The Contemporary World, 1950 to the Present. Ed. Martha Ackermann, et al. Facts on File, Inc., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. .
“1959: Makarios elected president of Cyprus.” BBC News. N.p., 2008. Web. 25 Nov. 2009. .
“Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.” oecd.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. .
“Statute of the IAEA.” IAEA.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. .
Thompson, Damian, et al., eds. The World’s History. 2nd ed. N.p.: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print.
“Turkey.” ABC - CLIO: World History. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2009. .
“Turkey.” countrystudies.us. U.S. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. .
“Turkey: The Changing National Elite.” Countrydata.com. N.p., Jan. 1995. Web. 18 Nov. 2009. .
“Turkey Under the Democrats, 1950-60.” Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., 2009. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. .
“What’s Being Done On...Human Rights and Democracy in Turkey?” World Movement for Democracy. National Endowment for Democracy, 25 July 2008. Web. 25 Nov. 2009. .

Draft Resolutions (please send all parts as one document!):
Sample Draft Resolution
HSC Security Council

Country: Turkey Committee: HSC
Delegate: Rachel Rickles Delegation: Westfield High School

Topic: Apartheid in South Africa

Issues to be addressed in resolution on the topic:

· Promotion of world awareness of the apartheid in South Africa
· Call to action for the government of South Africa to end the institution of apartheid
· Emphasis on the necessity of other nations, especially those in NATO, to pressure or threaten the South African government with economic or political sanctions if it does not end apartheid
· Expression of anger about the current apartheid policies and expression of sympathy to the families of the victims

Justification for issues raised:

Turkey feels that this resolution is necessary because the South African government should be urged to illegalize the institution of apartheid and promote liberty for citizens of all races. We are calling on the world community to pressure the South African leaders to condemn the acts of all South Africans against blacks. As a strong member of NATO, Turkey sees the intolerable inequality of this institution and the horrible way blacks are treated in this nation. However, Turkey recognizes that the world political community, especially members of NATO, must be aware of the acts of violence in order to promote a worldwide movement to end apartheid. Furthermore, these nations need to spread information about this institution and inform their citizens about this fatal movement in order to force the South African government to change its policies on its own. However, if pressure is not enough and the South African government still does not conform, Turkey is willing to enforce economic or political sanctions with the help of other allies to save innocent lives. Finally, Turkey expresses deep sympathy to the families of the victims of all acts of apartheid and promises to work to ensure that these lives are honored by ending this institution for future generations. Turkey also expresses disappointment in the South African government for allowing this policy to flourish.
Sample Draft Resolution
HSC Security Council

Country: Turkey Committee: HSC
Delegate: Rachel Rickles Delegation: Westfield High School

Topic: The Loophole in Berlin

Issues to be addressed in resolution on the topic:

Acknowledgement of the thousands of East German citizens immigrating to West Germany by passing through Berlin
Emphasis on the need to use that the influx of individuals into West Germany constructively
Suggestion about how to ensure that the East German citizens are not spies before allowing them into West Germany
Creation of a system of identification and questioning to preserve the everyone’s safety

Justification for issues raised:

Turkey, as a responsible member of the world community, recognizes that a growing number of East German citizens are crossing the border (established after WWII) into the democratized, NATO-recognized West German area. Duly understood that these individuals desire a free and just government, Turkey welcomes them into the NATO-allied community. However, Turkey feels it is necessary to ensure that these immigrants truly desire this lifestyle and are not spies or supporters of the Soviet Union or other communist governments. To do this, Turkey proposes the creation of a West German-run program that will identify and profile all East German immigrants so they can be formally recognized in West Germany. If any individual is under suspicion, Turkey feels that the West German government has the responsibility and permission to imprison the individual until the individual admits to the accused activity or is released. Furthermore, Turkey calls upon other NATO-allied nations to send representatives to assist West Germany in the scanning of the thousands of individuals. Turkey feels that this resolution is necessary to show the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact allies that the West is welcoming of these immigrants but also serious about ensuring they are not allied with the Soviets.

Directions

Hey Everyone,
Some people are having problems with what they are suppose to do with the blog. All we're really asking is that you follow along, learn a little, and post some comments. And the posting comments part is important because its our main way of knowing that you're participating.

So this is how you post comments:
1. Go to the main page (if you're reading this on the blog you're there, if you're reading this on the email go to this link now: hsc2009-10.blogspot.com)

2. Look through the the posts. (Either by scrolling through or by using the labels found on the right hand side of the screen)

3. Find one that interests or is relevant to you.

4. Click "comments" which is found at the bottom of each blog entry.

5. Type a comment into the text field, and then click "Post Comment."

6. Done!

Now do that for the questions (and resolutions) about your character for your appropriate bloc (look on the right hand side in the labels section for things pertaining to each bloc). And then keep coming back to the website and post comments about other stuff on the site, there are already extra questions posted and there will be more soon.